1816 - First protective tariff -- 25% on wool, cotton, and iron goods, 30% on other items incl. paper, leather, and hats. 15% otherwise.

1818 - Increased rates on iron. High duty on cloth extended. New England opposed it.

1824 - Increased protection on iron, lead, glass, hemp, etc. Cotton duty up to 33-1/3%. New England shipping interests and Southern farmers and planters provided most opposition.

1828 - "Tariff of Abominations " --- Highest tariff rates before Civil War. Up to 50% on some goods.

1832 - Lowered some rates to favor Eastern manufactures and commercial interests. Offered little to the South, which saw it as a sectional measure. Spark for nullification crisis.

1833 - "Compromise Tariff" -- expanded free list, provided gradual reduction of all duties above 2%.

1842 - Raised rates back to 1832 level. Duties average 23-35%.

1846 - "Walker Tariff" - Democratic measure. Increased free list, dropped rates across the board. Almost completely for revenue, not protection.

1857 - Democratic. Reduced tariff to general level of 20%. Enlarged free list.

1861 - Morrill Tariff. Rise in duties. Republican Civil War measure. Revisions during and after the war led to average rates of 47%.