HISTORY V101
Section 002
Dr. Powers
Fall, 2008
VIII. TURMOIL
AND TRANSFORMATION
A.
Apocalypse Now! [See “Catastrophe and Crisis” Power Point
Outline]
1.
The Little Ice Age
2.
Rains and Droughts
3.
Pestilence and Poisons
4.
The Great Earthquake
5.
Famine
6.
Wars and Rumors of Wars
7.
The Black Death and Its Effects
B.
The Hundred Years' War
1.
The Issues
2.
English Dominance (1338‑1360)
a.
b.
Ravaging the French countryside
c.
d.
The Peace of Bretigny, 1359
3.
French Resurgence (1367‑1415)
4.
The Height and Decline of British Power (1415‑1453)
a.
b.
The Treaty of
c.
King of France declares all his children illegitimate,
except daughter Catherine
d.
Catherine to marry Henry V, King of England
e.
Oldest son of Henry and Catherine to be king of
f.
Henry to rule
g.
King of France to rule
h.
Henry to rule all of
5.
The Dauphin and the resistance
a.
Joan of Arc
b.
The eviction of the English
6.
Effects
C.
The Church
1.
Boniface VIII and the Collapse of Papal Power [See Unam Sanctam Handout]
2.
The
a.
The “Babylonian Captivity”
b.
Strong influence of France on the Papacy
c.
“The most sophisticated administrative system in the
medieval world”
d.
Taxes on the clergy, sale of dispensations, indulgences,
etc., and a general hunger for money wherever it could be found
e.
“A powerful symbol of abuses within the church…”
3.
Urban VI and the Second Great Schism
4.
The Consiliar Movement
a.
Marsiglio of Padua, Defender of the Peace, and consiliarism [See Handouts]
b.
The Council of
c.
The Council of
5.
Heretics and Reformers
a.
The Bretheren of the Free
Spirit
b.
Flagellants
c.
The Anti‑temporal (spiritual) Franciscans
d.
Meister Eckhart and mysticism
e.
Gerard Groote, Modern Devotion and The Brothers and
Sisters of the Common Life
f.
Catherine of
g.
John Wycliffe [See
Handout]
h.
John Huss
i.
Extra-clerical paths to salvation
1)
Pilgrimages
2)
"Mechanical" path to salvation
3)
Good works
4)
Indulgences
5)
Financial Contributions
j.
William of Occam and extreme nominalism
D.
Society, Culture, Economy, etc.
1.
Population decline and labor shortage
a.
Further decline of serfdom
b.
Impoverishment of lower nobility
c.
Statute of Laborers
d.
Jacquerie
e.
Ciompi
f.
English Peasants' Revolt
2.
Growing urban regulations
3.
Decline in guild authority
4.
Change in status of and ideas about women
5.
Change in ideas about children
a.
New emphasis on education
b.
New emphasis on training in marketable skills
c.
New support systems for foundlings
6.
Attacks on Jews
7.
The rise of vernacular literature
a.
Dante Alighiere and The Divine Comedy
b.
Francesco Petraca (Petrarch)
c.
Giovanni Boccaccio and The Decameron
d.
Geoffrey Chaucer and The
e.
Christine de Pizan
1)
The Book of
the City of
2)
“The Poem of Joan of Arc”
8.
Art
a.
The influence of the Black Death
b.
Giotto
9.
New directions in medicine
a.
The medical hierarchy
1)
Physicians
2)
Surgeons
3)
Midwives
4)
Barber-surgeons
5)
Apothecaries
b.
The theory of the four humors
c.
The effects of the plague and the rise of surgeons and
practical knowledge
d.
Greater emphasis on anatomy, less on theory
e.
Medical textbooks
f.
More public health and sanitation laws and bureaucracies
10. New
technology and effects
a.
Clocks
b.
Gunpowder
c.
Eyeglasses
d.
Paper
E.
The Polities
1.
General Trends in Government
a.
Cash replaces service obligations
1)
Rent for landholding
2)
Scutage for
military service
b.
Centralized monarchy
c.
Taxes and other new forms of independent royal revenue
d.
Mercenary armies and bureaucracies
e.
National law
f.
Growth in power of parliamentary bodies
g.
New dynasties, noble factions, and political instability
2.
General Trends in Warfare
a.
Centralized armies
b.
Mercenary soldiers
c.
Free companies
d.
Artillery
e.
Pikes, longbows, and peasant armies
f.
Knight fall
1)
Infantry replaces knightly cavalry as the dominant force
on the battlefield
2)
Knightly classes lose social dominance based on military
prowess
3.
a.
The Estates-General
b.
Growth of central authority
c.
New taxes and resistance to them
1)
Gabelle
2)
Taille
3)
The failure of Etienne Marcel’s movement
d.
Charles V and the recovery of lands from the English
e.
Charles VI, insanity, and the Treaty of Troyes
f.
Civil Conflict over the Crown
4.
a.
Edward III and the power of parliament
b.
Richard II
c.
Henry IV and the deposition
5.
a.
Fragmentation
b.
The Golden Bull of 1356 and the electoral monarchy
c.
Widespread wars inside the empire
6.
a.
The lack of any centralized authority
b.
The power of the communes
c.
The rise of dukes and regional states
1)
The Duchy of
2)
The
a)
The Grandi
b)
The Popolo Grasso and
the Ordinances of Justice
i.
The power of the guilds and the wealthier classes
ii.
The Signoria
iii.
The Gonfaloniere
c)
The rise of the Popolo minuto
d)
The role of the ciompi
e)
The shift of power to the oligarchy
3)
The
a)
The Great Council
b)
The Doge
c)
The Council of Ten
d)
A commercial empire
4)
The
5)
6)
Condottieri
7)
Nearly constant small wars